Devices that forward data packets between computer networks, typically using IP addresses to determine the best path for data transmission. Examples include home routers, enterprise routers, and edge routers.

Devices that connect multiple devices within a local area network (LAN), forwarding data to its intended destination based on MAC addresses. Examples include Ethernet switches, managed switches, and PoE (Power over Ethernet) switches.

Devices that allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi technology. Examples include standalone APs, mesh Wi-Fi systems, and enterprise-grade APs.

Devices designed to protect networks from unauthorized access, malware, and other threats. Examples include firewalls, VPN (Virtual Private Network) appliances, intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS), and content filtering devices.

Hardware components installed in computers and devices to enable network connectivity. Examples include Ethernet NICs, Wi-Fi adapters, and fiber optic NICs.